Princess and the Pea

In the fairy tale, The Princess and the Pea, by Hans Christian Anderson, a Prince is in search of a Princess for her hand in marriage, but there are many â€Å"Princesses,† and he only wants to marry a real princess. In the exposition of this fairy tale, there is a Prince who has traveled all around the world in search of a real Princess to marry, but unfortunately every Princess he comes across is not the real Princess he wants.The Prince then returns home, and one stormy night, a tattered Princess shows up at his door. In this case, the inciting incident is when the Princess shows up at his door, this leads to the rising action of the plot. In the rising action of this fairy tale, the Prince is faced with the conflict that this Princess is only another fake, and not what he is looking for. As a part of the rising action, the Prince’s Mother puts a single pea under twenty mattresses, which the Princess sleeps on later that evening.This leads up to the climax because th e conflict will be solved by the single pea under the Princess’s bed, and in the morning the conflict will be solved. The climax is reached when the Princess wakes in the morning, and the Prince’s Mother asks her how she slept. This is when the emotional tension reaches its peak because either she felt the pea and she is a real Princess, or she did not, and the Prince would not have married her.The falling action in this fairy tales results when the Princess confesses that she had a terrible night, because she felt something bruising her entire body. By this point the conflict is solved. The Prince and his Mother decide that she is indeed a real Princess, and fit for his hand in marriage. Lastly, the denouement is reached after the Prince’s decision to marry the Princess, they get married and â€Å"Live happily ever after. † This is the denouement because all conflicts have been resolved, and the story has its final resolution.

Writing and Hortatory Exposition

?APTER I. INTRODUCTIONA. ProblemDiscussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed.Discussion is not limited to controversial issues – although polarized views may make it easier to teach completing a for-and-against ‘skeleton’ to bring issues from another area of the curriculum into literacy learning) Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader Analytical exposition is one of classified type and to present arguments for supporting the issued thesis, analytical will end with a re-iterat Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way, and also hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea.B. Solving Problem Remember that is large enough a bout the paper about discussion text and expository text, so that the writer limits to discuss this paper below:1. What is definition of discussion text?2. What this general structure of discussion texts?3. What this Language feature of discussion texts?4. What is definition of expository texts?5. What is different between analytical exposition and hortatory exposition?C. Propose of Discussion 1. We can explain about discussion text2. We can define about structure of discussion text3. We can define about expository text4. We can differ between analytical exposition and hortatory expositionCAPTER IIDISCUSSION DISCUSSION TEXS AND EXPOSITORY TEXS A. DISCUSSION TEXS1. Definition and purpose of discussion texts Discussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking abo ut rather than blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed. Discussion texts generally make use of formal and impersonal language to demonstrate objectivity.They can sometimes combine other modes of communication (visual images, diagrams) with written text in order to present the range of viewpoints and the evidence for them. Discussion is not limited to controversial issues – although polarized views may make it easier to teach completing a for-and-against ‘skeleton’ to bring issues from another area of the curriculum into literacy learning). In contrast, critically evaluative responses to a text may lead to a discussion of subtleties within it. The purpose of this texts is to discussion presents differing opinion, viewpoint or perspectives on an issue, enabling the leader to explore different ideas before making an informed decision.2. Structure of discussion texts. There are four parts of discussion texts, such as:a. A statement of position supplying necessary background information. In this case, a discussion begins with a brief introduction describing the situation. This Introduction recognizes that there are two foints of view.b. Arguments for an supporting evidence. In this case, the next view paragraphs elaborate the arguments for the issue, based on researching, surveying or interviewing people.c. Arguments against and supporting evidence. In this case, the next set of paragraphs describes the arguments against the issue, based on researching, surveying or interviewing people.Each paragraph should be clearly structured with a topic sentence supported by details. The supporting material could be reported speech reflecting comments. Specialist who has responded to the issue, or supporting evidence from research or surveys. Thinking and action verbs are used to persuasively establish and evaluate each argument.d. A Recommendation or conclusions. In this case, the discussion ended by presenting a personal point of view before concluding. A recommendation or conclusions sometimes sums up both side of the argument if they are fairly balanced or can recommend one arguments over the other if the evidence is overwhelming.3. Language feature of discussion texts. There some language features of discussion texts are often used but not always such as:a. Use of Simple present tenseb. Use of Generic participants. Example: people; scientists; smokersc. Use of Logical connectives to link argument.Example: therefore, howeverd. Use of general nouns to make specific statement Example: Machines, cars and many othere. Use of Emotive languagef. Use of relating verbs. Example: is,g. Use of thinking verbs that express a personal point of view. Example: consider, contemplateh. Use of conjunctions to link clauses. Example: but, and, while, when. And many others.i. Use of detailed noun group. Example:j. Use of varying degrees of certainty ( modality ) Example:k. Use of adverbs of manner. Example: honestly, badly and many others .l. Use of abstract and terminology.m. Use of saying verbs to quote.n. Use of quote and reported speech. Example: Mr white, when interviewed said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦o. Use of factual adjectivep. Use of adjective expressing an opinion Example: horrifying advantageq. Use of comparative adjective Example: significant, more significant, most significant From the language features above it’s easy for us to make or understand about discussion texts.4. Here some examples of discussion texts Convenience or Care? When something issued by someone, we say it has been consumed.We as consumers use many things, both natural and processed. We consume more of the Earth’s resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for the environment. Like all animals, we need clean air and water, food and shelter for survival. Unlike other animals, however, we have certain â€Å"want†. These are items that are not necessary for our survival, but that we want because they make our lives easier or more enjoyable. Environments claims that a great deal of waste is created by both the production and the consumption of these items or product. Disposable products, such a pens, take away food containers, plates, shavers and cutlery, are made using the Earth’s resources.When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost. Another example of waste is the unnecessary packaging on many products. The material is often not recycled and used again. Throwing thing away also increases pollution. The amount of disposable plastic litter that ends up in waterways is a serious problem. When this waste reaches the oceans, it can kill marine life. Industrialist counters these arguments with their own point of view. They claim that consumer’s expect to be able to purchase food which is attractively presented, prepackaged to extent its life and easy to store. In a busy society, convenience is a priority. Products which make life easier, era in demand.Indus trialist argues that they cater to this perceived need. Packaging is also big business and provides jobs for many people who might otherwise be unemployed and a burden to society. Environmentalist declares that for thousands of year, people survived perfectly well with re-usable products. However, people of the twenty-first century have become used to wing in a ‘thrown-away’ society. It is up to each one of us to dispose of waste products carefully, recycle as much as possible and to reduce the stress on our environment. Think when buying pre-packaged goods and consider whether the same products can be bought without the extra wrappings. Let’s make the best of what we have.5. EXPOSITORY TEXTExpository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader. Expository text is meant to deposit information and is the most frequently used type of writing by students in elementary schools, middle schoo ls, high schools, colleges and universities. A well-written exposition remains focused on its topic and lists events in chronological order.There are two kinds of expository texts, such as: 1. Analytical Exposition TextA. Definitions Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about phenomenon surrounding.Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter or to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. Analytical exposition is one of classified type and to present arguments for supporting the issued thesis, analytical will end with a re-iteration. And also will try to influence the reader by presenting some argument to prove that the writer’ idea is important.B. General structure of Analytical Exposition This places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different isa)Thesis is introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position, it’s mean that p re-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.b)Argument 1 is explaining the argument to support the writer’s position, it’s presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before.c)Argument 2 is explaining the other arguments the writer’s position.d)Reiteration is restating the writer’s position, the end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It’s something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments.C. Significant Lexica grammatical Featuresa)Use of simple present tenseb)Use of relational processesc)Use of internal conjunction to state argumentd)Reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalization.D. Example of analytical exposition Is smoking well for us?Before we are going to smoke, it is better to loo k at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking. Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater.Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smoking are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers. Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes. Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else. From the example above, we can determin e that in this pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. The writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit. In the paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who don’t smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for cigarette companies. 2. Expository Hortatory Exposition.a.Definition of hortatory exposition Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of writer to have the addressee do someth ing or act in certain way, and also hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea.b. General structure of hortatory expositionThere are three structure of Hortatory Exposition such as:a)Thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the end it can be true or false.b)Arguments is the phase which thy to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true.c)Recommendation, this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text.This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition. c. Language Feature of Hortatory Expositiona)Focusing on the writerb)Using abstract noun are policy, advantage many other.c)Using action verbd)Using thinking verbe)Using modal adverb are certainly, surely and many other.f)Using temporal connective words are like important, valuable, and trustworthy and many others.g)Using passive voiceh)Using simple present tense.d. Example of Ho rtatory Exposition Why Should Wearing a Helmet When Motorcycling We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people talking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider’s life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles. Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to other, it means a lot of and important.By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, Shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road. However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it property. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without setting them property. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort. From the example of above, we can understand that in the first paragraph is thesis. the importance of wearing helmet which is stated in the first paragraph†. The second paragraph is argumentative because of wearing helmet gives a total protection and giving a chance in imaging self form of argumentative. The last paragraph is form of recommendation, we can know from bikers should wear hel met property to get the benefit. ?CAPTER III CONCLUTIONDiscussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. The purpose of this texts is to discussion presents differing opinion, viewpoint or perspectives on an issue, enabling the leader to explore different ideas before making an informed decision.Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader. Expository text is meant to deposit information and is the most frequently used type of writing by students in elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities. Analytical exposition is one classified type as hortatory exposition in text genre. Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the issued thesis. What makes them different from one to each other is the last stage of the te xt, which the analytical exposition will end with a re-iteration. In the other hand, hortatory will close the essay with a recommendation.

What does Safety Mean To Me

The second definition was first used in 1881. â€Å"Safety' has quite some history, but my definition has I Tots Of meanings. To me, safety means protecting from danger that may hurt us or endanger o r lives. Unsafe practice is a great risk to life and property. For example, a two wheeler who RI des recklessly not only risks his own life, but the others on roads. That's because of their lack of know ledge about overall safety, be it â€Å"die† road. While crossing the road, you mustn't run across in blind d panic.Wait until the raffia policeman or the Walk' signal appears. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross â€Å"die† road with the others. So always be cautious, and some one once said, â€Å"Better a thousand times careful than once dead. † Next, be safe at work. This is really important, because once you know the par testicular hazards of your job or workplace, you can take steps to reduce your risk of workplace I injury or illne ss. Also always stay awake while working at dangerous places, for example, at fire deep rodents.If you don't, when you are rescuing lives in a burning house, you'll risk your life and the pee pole's too. So, you need to always stay awake. Something that happened recently over the past years is accessibility. Lots o f kids and teens keep getting bullied online, and sometimes it can go from never leaving your home to almost committing suicide. I just feel really bad for those people, and it's sad to hear stories about that. Everyone is different in the world and that's a great thing.There is no need of anyone to be getting bullied because no one is the same, everyone is unique. Therefore, you need to extra safe on the internet. You can do this by never talking to strangers when you are social me As you can see, safety means a lot to me. Now you should stop and think ABA UT what it means to you. Of course, we will have different meanings, but some may be alike. On e of my favorite quot es are â€Å"Out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety. † by William Shakes pare. What does safety mean to you?

'Information System' Report about 'Node.JS' Essay

'Information System' Report about 'Node.JS' - Essay Example The kind of applications running is unimaginable since they are effectively connected to the web for clients and the server for organizations. The applications are then encapsulated to other environments like flash and Applets of Java. The main aim for Node.js is to create websites that are able to have a push and real time capability. The application Node.js was introduced in the year 2009 and it was created by Ryan Dahl. It is a platform environment that is built with a JavaScript background that is supported by Google Chrome’s JavaScript engine that is the fastest among other JavaScript engines. The application has a large number of users online using it including web developers. The application is able to accommodate a large number of users due to its scalability. With the function, Node.sj has been accepted by a large number of organizations including Facebook and EBay. The application is known for having an ability of becoming event driven which allows the web browsers to respond only when the user responds or performs a function. The resources spent when a web browser is running is much less since the application allows the browser only to respond when a user is working and it enables the connection in that same period. This is an environment that has been applied in a large number of institutions and organizations including Passmores University. In the university, Node.js is widely used since it has a number of characteristics that adhere to the rules of the environment. There are a large number of students registered at the university using web browsers. The same number of the students increases every year. Due to the scalability of the environment, all the students are being recorded into the servers inclusive of their academic and administrative records. In case information in the database is altered, it is able to be reflected in other user (Students and administrators) (TEIXEIRA, 2012). Node.js

Wharton-XiaYun-essay2,3,4-0920-ec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wharton-XiaYun-essay2,3,4-0920-ec - Essay Example Our conventional approach seemed to break down as we struggled with a series of unique processes and requirements. For supply chain management, an important function in any enterprise, I found not even one division that could act as a stakeholder to initiate the change in the organization. How to overcome this challenge? It seemed impossible to change the culture, mindset, and management of a firm of this magnitude in such a short time. We had to go back to the drawing board to the rethink our approach. I needed to act fast, but without taking any drastic step that would disrupt the situation and jeopardize the progress of the project itself. I needed to â€Å"reset the execution context†. I realized that it was a large community of people with different backgrounds and I should be cautious about the impact of a major cultural change on these people. Keeping that in mind, I decided that instead of trying to sweep changes into divisions as a whole, we needed to take it from the grass root level upwards and take the people into our confidence. We analyzed the firm’s processes further, drilling down to basic elements that could be benchmarked, and broke best practices into smaller solutions that could be executed quickly without major disruption. These small positive results created a confidence for the client in our team. Then we began to implement more advanced supply chain practices, setting forth a path away from the traditional logistics-based thinking. Although we could not yet reform the organizational structure, we could gather support to change the prevailing mindset and that helped accelerate the progress of the project. Then we met the client’s mid-level management and had much less trouble, creating consensus, as â€Å"change† now seemed less threatening. The impressive results we delivered, won their confidence. With the newfound enthusiasm in the decision makers, I had little trouble presenting and convincing them,

Negative Effects of Social Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negative Effects of Social Networking - Essay Example Social networking sites promote faster and efficient communication with family friends who may be far away. Moreover, these sites give an opportunity to connect and reconnect with close long lost friends and acquaintances. However, issues of privacy and degradation of social values have been raised with the use of social networking sites. Though social networking has enhanced connections that would otherwise be lost, a number of issues arise with the use of these sites such as the negative effects including the death of emotions and empathy, lack of privacy, and false friendships. Â  Social networking sites promote connections and communication among users and thus enhancing lives. According to Dunbar, Facebook allows people to create networks, renew lost friendships, and enhances communication. In the agreement, Lam notes that communication technology such as the networking sites has enhanced humankind in a number of ways. Similarly, Helfand states that social networking sites have allowed people to connect with others and share personal information online that can be viewed by family and friends such as what someone is doing, eating, or even location.

The United States 5th Marine Regiment WWI-WWII Research Paper

The United States 5th Marine Regiment WWI-WWII - Research Paper Example Major General Commandant of the Marine Corps, George Barnett, was well aware of these shortcomings. Barnett, who also enjoyed prominent social and political connections in Washington, was desperate for participation of the Marines in the ongoing war in France to overcome those flaws. He sought reorganization of the scattered small detachments into more structured battalions and regiments. Due to his incessant efforts and determination, President Woodrow Wilson directed the Secretary of War on May 29, â€Å"In pursuance of the authority vested in me by law, it is hereby directed that you issue the necessary orders detaching for service for the Army a force of Marines to be known as the Fifth Regiment of Marines† (Camp, 26). Commandant Barnett assembled Marine detachments scattered across United States and Caribbean into the 5th Marine Regiment with battalions at Philadelphia and Quantico, which was officially activated on June 08, 1917. On June 14, the regiment, under the comma nd of Colonel Charles A. Doyen, USMC, started sail towards France on the escort fleet comprising four groups. The first groups embarked in naval transports such as HENDERSON and DE KALB sailed on the same day. However, the last group including HANCOCK sailed three days later. The first groups also encountered submarines on the way, but were not hit. The regiment arrived at harbor of St. Nazaire, France, on June 26, where it was assigned to the 1st Division, American Expeditionary Force, under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, USA. The 5th Regiment was the first marine regiment having the honor to serve with the Army in Europe (McClellan, 30-32). Pershing did not keep the regiment intact. Many of the regiment’s units were deployed as line of communication troops performing non-combat duties, which spread dismay among men and hampered the training. In words of the 2nd Battalion Commander, Major Frederick M. Wise, USMC, â€Å"We were pretty badly split up †¦ O ne battalion in St. Nazaire, half a battalion in England, and my battalion a few miles from Menacourt† (Camp, 32). Training of some elements was conducted as part of the First Division (regulars) in the Gondrecourt training area. However, it was soon realized that 1st Infantry Division already contained its full complement of four regiments. The regiment was thus reassigned to Fourth Infantry Brigade under the 2nd Division. From September onwards, the available units of the Fourth Brigade as a unit of the Second Division of Regulars started training in the Bourmont training area (McClellan, 31). The Fourth Brigade of Marines was composed of the 5th Marine Regiment, the 6th Marine Regiment, and the 6th Machine Gun Battalion. After his promotion to Brigadier General, Col. Doyen became the first commanding general of the 2nd Division on October 26th, 1917. The command of the 5th Regiment was temporarily handed over to Lieut. Col. Hiram I. Bearss, USMC, until Col. Wendell C. Nevil le, USMC, reported on duty on January 01, 1918. The 5th Regiment consisted of three battalions containing four companies each, the 84h Machine Gun Company, Supply Company and Headquarters Company. The 1st Battalion commanded by Major Julius Turrill, USMC, was comprised of 17th, 49th, 66th and 67th companies, the Second Battalion commanded by Major Frederick Wise, was comprised of 18th, 43rd, 51st and 55th companies, and the 3rd Battalion command

The importance of history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of history - Essay Example Sports teams often analyze the previous performance history of the opponents before preparing themselves for the coming matches. History can also help politicians in deciding about the relationship of a country with other countries. â€Å"When you understand history, you understand basic concepts and ideas. You will learn about cause and effect, relationships and human nature† (Chin, n. d). At present we have enough knowledge about what is electricity or what is energy. We are indebted to the efforts of ancient scientists for our current knowledge about these things. Same way histories give us important lessons about the past which will help us to make conclusions while facing similar situations at present. History gives us the idea about the hierarchy of all the natural events happening in this world. For example, history helps us to understand at what time the monsoon comes or at what times the weather or season changes. In short, history plays an important role in shaping e very aspect of present and future human life on earth. During the initial half of twentieth century, Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in getting freedom to his country India from the colonial rules of Britain through peaceful means. The core philosophy of his freedom struggles was the theory of non violence which motivated other leaders like Nelson Mandela later in the history.

Health and Safety Practices Plan (Part Four), Human Risk Factors Essay

Health and Safety Practices Plan (Part Four), Human Risk Factors - Essay Example For instance, the American history has witnessed violence erupting from the places of work, which not only ruins the lives of workforce in the organization but also results in great production losses. Violence is often meted on such groups as women and the minority groups such as physically handicapped persons. Willful destruction of property is a common form of such violence as a former CEO to Apple Inc finds out in an investigation in the modern day violence at workplaces. Among other vices that Apple Inc faces is the increase in such violence that result to product contamination through virus as well as creation of environmental contaminants, which is more hazardous (Viollis & Kane, 2005). The company therefore increases its efforts to mitigate such a risk in order to overcome the resultant outcomes that such risks pose. Stress Stress, on the other hand, is a common risk that the Apple Inc faces as shown in the article by Denning (2012), which said that the company subjected the e mployees to high risk working environment. The article points out that the company subjects many of its employees to poor working conditions with unfavorable low pays and frequent disposals of employees after exhaustion. The company is celebrated to have great wealth globally, which does not explain such meager payments as the employees are paid. However, the company subjects the employees to poor working conditions, which causes stress, fatigue and wearing out which then contributes to low performance and subsequent dismissal by the company. Substance abuse Substance abuse is on the rise in many of modern day companies with misuse of prescription medicine, alcohol and illicit drugs being common among other manners of substance abuse (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 2008). Among other indicators of substance abuse in such a company are increased absenteeism, sicknesses, reduced productivity, preoccupation with the use of such substances at work as well as psycholog ical stress. The company therefore suffers reduction in productivity per employee, increased accidents that cost the organization much in liability, as well as lowered accuracy in productions. Apple, just as any other company invests in mitigation measures and policies to lower such effects that are suffered because of substance abuse. Nevertheless, the substance abuse as witnessed within the company may be attributed to various factors among which are high stress levels, fatigue, low satisfaction on job assignments, repetitious duties as well as ease of access to such substances. Companies invest in design and implementation of policies and programs, which are meant to address such issues as, relates to substance abuse, stress management at place of work as well as work place violence. Effective policies in management of substance abuse involve confidentiality as well as active participation of the management and labor in creation. Mitigation strategies Among the most effective way s of mitigating the human risks experienced at work place is ‘team awareness’ (Bennett & Lehmann, n.d.). This is a mitigation framework, which explains how behavioral management of such risks as substance use, violence as well as stress can be managed through the spirit of teamwork. The management is involved to creating an

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions - Essay Example He proposed many interesting arguments. This theme was important for Augustine as he was very sinful until realized the essence of God and religion. His theory is very valuable as it serves as the basis for Christian knowledge. However, as every theory, the ideas of Augustine is not fully accepted and actively criticized. The presence of good and evil in the world is obvious, but what are the relations between them? Many experts emphasize the conflict between good and evil. The main statement of St. Augustine is that evil is simply the absence of good. This presumption has a long history. It is a well known fact that St. Augustine was initially a Manichean and became Christian only after he realized the drawbacks of Persian Dualism religion- Manichaeism. The main idea of this religion lies in the belief in two gods, who represent good and evil. In this religion we can see the struggle between the light and darkness. St. Augustine scrutinized Christianity and rejected Manichaeism. He claimed that in this world there could be only one god, a good one. God and the world that he created are the main aspects of the philosophy of Augustine and the relations between them deserve special attention. Augustine argued that the world is the creation of God, God does not depend on the world and the world is fully dependent on God. Creating human soul, God initially incorporated in it the striving for happiness as the main goal in a man’s life. That is why a man must use all the abilities of his soul to achieve the happiness. Happiness itself consists in the maximum cognition of God and in this case the human reason becomes the main basis for belief. That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition. Cognition without the belief is sinful. The supreme form of cognition is divine inspiration given by God to humans, who have strong belief. This

Intention and Motive in Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intention and Motive in Criminal Law - Essay Example The prosecutor can argue that his wife had the motive even though he may not have evidence to prove the case. Intent may be defined as acts that go before the actual crime and these acts then merge with the crime. Mohan (1975) defines intent as 'decision to bring about despite the fact that the accused wanted the consequence of his actions or not'. Intent can occur at the same time as the act or it can occur suddenly before the crime. A good example of intent is possession of a pistol by an accused in the case that he/she is facing violence with robbery charges. Possession of this weapon shows that this person had the intent of committing robbery with violence. Motive cannot be seen in the commission of the crime while intent can. When a criminal act has been committed, then it can be presumed that the person had the intention of committing the act. Take an example of someone who was seen carrying a firearm and pointing it to another, it can be said that this person had the intention of committing the crime because the most natural result of this action would be a crime. However, defendants can deny this by claiming that the accused thought that the weapon was a toy and did not intend on committing a crime. (Smith, 1998) Motive alone is not sufficient to convict while intent may be sufficient to cause conviction. Motive comes in handy when a given case does not have concrete evidence. This means that a judge may not have any other issue to fall back on except motive and may consequently pronounce an accused guilty or innocent depending on the which side can prove presence of motive. R v. Cunningham [1957 ER 863] it was held that the defendant was not guilty because the defendant was not aware of the effect of his actions and therefore did not have motive. However, intent is an element that must be proved in most crimes before judgement is passed. This means that the prosecutor must show that the person accused had the knowledge that he/she was committing a crime. These kinds of crimes are called general intent crimes. Some examples of such crimes include false imprisonment, rape, battery and kidnapping. In R v. Windle [1952 2 QB 826] A person was accused of murder after he gave his wife a hundred tablet of aspirin. However, the accused suffered from a mental disease and was not aware of the consequence of his actions. But this same person later told police that he knew they were going to hang him or it. The accused was found guilty because he understood what he was doing and therefore had intent. There are also other cases that require the defence team to prove that intent was specific. This means that there must be evidence independent from the commission of the act that shows that the person had the intention of committing crime. Some examples of crimes that require defence to prove specific intent are embezzlement, burglary, assault, forgery, conspiracy, false pretence, solicitation and first degree murder that were pre meditated. DPP vs. Majewski [1977 AC 433] Majewski was accused of causing bodily harm to members of a pub. This same person was drank and defence could not prove specific intent. It was held that he was not guilty. To every rule, there must be an exception. There are some crimes that fall under strict liability laws. These crimes do not require intent for conviction. These laws stipulate that the act is criminal whether or not the person who committed the crime had the intention

Platos Philosophical Significance (in Regards to Metaphysics, and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Platos Philosophical Significance (in Regards to Metaphysics, and Ethics Essay Philosophy spans the reaches of the human mind in countless topics, but is often divided into three main branches: metaphysics, the study of the nature of existence; epistemology, the study of knowledge and truth; and ethics, the study of morals. One of the first philosophers to look at these fields is Plato (427BCE-347BCE), whose writings are incredibly influential. Plato’s work lays the fundament for philosophy because of his cohesive contributions to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Firstly, Plato’s work with Forms greatly influences metaphysics. He contributes the idea of the Forms which exist as â€Å"eternal and perfect ideals that exist in an unchanging, perfect heaven (via Velasquez, 2002, p. 84). [2] The Forms contrast with worldly matter; this contrast leads to Plato’s next contribution to metaphysics, his concept of â€Å"Two Worlds. † Plato divides reality into the worlds of senses and forms, the latter of which he considers to be true reality and where the soul resides. Finally, Plato’s description of the tripartite human soul greatly influences St. Augustine’s religious work on Christianity 800 years later. Therefore, Plato’s Forms helped shape metaphysics. Secondly, Plato’s Forms and myths built the foundation for epistemology. Plato argues that due to the souls unchanging nature, the process of â€Å"learning† is the soul’s recollection of knowledge. He also provides two myths, both closely related to his metaphysical works. In the first, the Chariot Allegory, Plato describes a charioteer en route to heaven, in which there exists â€Å"true reality [the forms] with which real knowledge is concerned (as cited by Velasquez, p. 84). The journey is impeded by an unruly horse that represents ignobility. The concept of the journey’s difficulty is mirrored, finally, in the Allegory of the Cave, which discusses ignorance and the escape thereof. Thus, Plato’s myths form the basis of epistemology. Finally, Plato’s work in ethics regarding justice is among the first and most influential. Firstly, he defines justice as the balance between the three parts of the tripartite soul. Thus, his justice theory states that justice in both the state and the individual is defined by â€Å"harmony between the various parts for the good of the whole† (Velasquez, 2002, p. 630). This justice theory shows cohesiveness with Plato’s tripartite theory of the soul. Finally, Plato associates justice with merit: individuals are treated proportionally to their talents and accomplishments. Hence, Platos philosophies regarding justice form the starting point for the field of ethics. In conclusion, Plato’s writings act as a basis and connection for the three main branches of philosophy: metaphysics, through his Forms; epistemology, through his myths; and ethics, through his justice theory. His influence on philosophy and society is expansive and, as such, Plato is one of the most significant philosophers. That his ideas are still being taught to modern day shows the true nature of philosophy: to pose questions so profound that they cannot be answered 2500 years later.

Globalisation In The Banking Industry Finance Essay

Globalisation In The Banking Industry Finance Essay Banking industry is one of the crucial industries that influences the global economy. It is the industry that encourages the growth in investments by its funding. They are so many factors that drive change in the industry. Drivers of globalisation in banking industry are discussed below. Drivers of globalisation The drivers of globalisation are explained according to the yips model. Source: Based on G. Yip, Total Global Strategy II, FT/Prentice Hall, 2003, chapter 2. Applying this to the banking industry. Most particularly retail banking. The important factors that drive globalisation in the industry are issues regarding legal, customer relations and wishes, technological advancement and the crucial thing is profit. Legal regulations as a driver Operating globally may bring in a number of issues regarding legal that is with the laws of the particular country in which a bank is operating. There may be organisational problems within the bank or legal concerns. Global operations need good leadership with which they are able to respond to the government policies. The bank organising globally has to respond individually to the local governments regarding regulations or deregulations. This is essential component in the business because they have to change the interest rates and taxes on the services they provide to the customers. This effects their business with the customers. It doesnt mean only the taxes and interest rates counts when dealing with regulations and deregulations. Payments directive and financial services action plan in UK is one among them. Source: FUTURE OF BANKING IN A GLOBALISED WORLD, Chris Skinner, 2007. Mergers and acquisitions are highly effected by the regulations. Mergers may happen between two national banks or between two international banks. The terms and conditions followed at the time of merging depend on the regulations that are applied in a particular country. For instance consider the case of laws that guide mergers and acquisitions in European Union are related to the economical conditions of the joining partners. They state that the turnover of the individual participant should be more than 250 million Euros and their turnover together should be more than 5 billion Euros. The individual turnover of the bank operating abroad should be more than one third of the turnover of the bank. These regulations are concerned about the financial stability of the banks after the merger. If the banks are willing to merge, their strong financial conditions resist any adverse effects that come under their way. But in the case of small banks, those do not satisfy the conditions of merger , these regulations suffer them a lot. There were cases where small banks merged to form a big bank. But these regulations resist them from doing so. This is the case where legal activities control the banking industry. Source: www.nbs.sk Customer requirements as a driver Planning according to the customers preferences and delivering services up to the customers satisfaction has become the main formula for the success of the banks. It is important in every business to find out an influential customer, that is a customer who brings in more profits to the bank and also who inspires others to join the business with the bank. If that customer is met with all his requirements in banking, he will become the true ambassador for the bank. Of course the needs of the customers in dealing with the bank all over the world are same. They need quality of service and security for their savings. However the requirements of an influential customer vary according to his willingness and trust to invest in a bank. There may be social and cultural factors that influence the customers interests and requirements. Source: Exploring corporate strategy 7th edition, Gerry Johnson, kevan Scholes, Richard Whittington, 2004 Technology as a driver Internet has become a great boom to the banking industry. It gave the industry the opportunity to serve better to the customers and to develop cross-border communication with the employees and customers as well. It helps in providing privilege customers the advanced banking services, promoting services for new customers, making customer retention by continuously maintaining customer relations etc. Source: Internet marketing, David Chaffey, 2006 On the other hand, internet banking has raised security concerns about transfer of money online and third-party deposit services. To the customers using internet fraudsters send mails asking for account details and passwords pretending to be like bankers. The customers those respond to the mails will be targeted to get money. These types of actions alerted the banks to develop technology to counter the actions. Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7091206.stm Profitability as a driver Obviously the ultimate aim of any bank is to make as much profit as they can. Generally to gain profits they concentrate on savings of the customers. They plan converting the short term savings of the customers into profits that yield more profits. In retail banking the long term profit yielding products for the banks are fixed deposits, house loans etc. Source: The business environment 5th ed, Ian Worthington and Chris Britton, 2006 In this present economic downturn of the world, the banks are facing the worst situation in the decade. To face these adverse effects the central banks of almost all the countries started repair work to fuel the economy by decreasing the interest rates there by encouraging the investors to do business with the banks. Source:http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/interactive/2008/oct/21/creditcrunch Localisation Localisation in case of banking industry means designing itself according to the rules and regulations of a particular country. Generally countries demand for localisation irrespective of the foreign bank, as they do not want to be dominated. Retail banking is one of the industries that undergo localisation primarily. However localisation is benefiting the banks in having a wide range of products globally there by analysing the customers tastes and concerns. It helps them to gain information regarding customers needs to be met locally. In recent days local governments are deregulating the rules to boost globalisation. Source: Global strategic management, Philippe Lasserre, 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Any industry operating globally has so many factors that influence it in the external environment. Political Governments decision has an influential change in the prospects of the banking industry in a country. Governmental decisions have been a more important factor for the globalisation of the banking industry. Political stand over allowing the foreign countries to do business in their countries decides the extent of entry barriers into the country. Source: Corporate Strategy 4th ed, Richard Lynch, 2005 Economical Downing of the inflation is the main factor that reflects the fall in the economical condition . The one of the factors for decline in the economy are lower inflation occurring gradually. The one of the reasons for the decline in the retail price index excluding mortgage interest rates from 5.5 % in September to 4.7 % in October clearly states that the drastic situation faced by the banks. Inflation CPI down to 4.5%, RPI down to 4.2% Annual inflation rates 12 month % change Source: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=19 The central bank decreases interest rates which in turn reduces the interest rates of all the banks funding mortgages. Bank of England is planning to cut its interest rates drastically to 2 % as when it was in the initial days. Source: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4bd8c730-c16b-11dd-831e-000077b07658.html?nclick_check=1 Social Social trends in the banking, which means the sections of population those who utilise the banking products are essential in planning a strategy for the customers. For instance more than half of the people of Britain are aware of the banking products through dailies, televisions etc. Awareness and individual requirements of the customers are essential to plan a strategy for a bank. With the increased technology the banks are effectively communicating with customers, media and investors. In this way banks are always observed by the society in all means. Source: http://www.ginns.info/Retail%20banking.pdf Technology Technology is proven to be the best tool for the globalisation in banking industry. It plays a vital role in providing financial services to the customers. With use of sophisticated technology, the concerned bank can be able to find out the preferences of the customers. Basing on the preferences of the customer, the services are advertised for him through the mails etc. Also investing in ATM technology took the pain and pressure away from the banks. Now it is easy to access money from pay points etc. The customer is no need to go to bank stand there in queue for hours together to do transactions. Source: FUTURE OF BANKING IN A GLOBALISED WORLD, Chris Skinner, 2007 Legal Regulations of the banking system is mainly undertaken to control the financial conditions of the banks there by decreasing the domination of the foreign economy on the country. There are different ways in regulating the banks. UK and US banks follow risk based system to regulate the banks. Source: Banking regulations of UK and US financial markets, Dalvinder Singh, 2007 Opportunities and threats There are many opportunities of the banking industry. For instance the euro currency offers less cost borrowing or the chance to provide new debts to a large number of investors. According to the international monetary systems governments of different nations undertake rules that will influence firms. The financial position and the opportunities abroad attract the organisations to do business in their countries. The foreign exchange market that are used by many organisations provides the opportunity to gain profits. Source: International business 4th ed., Alan M.Ruman, Simon Collinson, Richard M.Hodgetts , 2005 Threats to banking industry are mainly related to technology. The technology used by the fraudsters by dominating the banking technology troubles the customers which in turn causes damages to the reputation of a bank. If a bank loses reputation in terms of security, its trustworthiness among the customers decreases. This damages the brand value which results in decrease in customer retention. Source: http://www.icc-ccs.org HSBC Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited founded in the year 1865 is one of the top banks in the world. It holds operations in nearly 85 countries all over the world. Its headquarters is located in the London. Strengths It has the shareholders number of nearly 2, 00,000 in 100 countries. They need different services and diversified requirements. Having dealt with all the diversified customers world wide, it is capable of estimating consumer tastes and concerns. Instead it confidently advertises itself as The Worlds Local bank, which reflects its adaptability to the local needs and cultures. It whole heartedly responds to the individual customer from which it gains required knowledge to serve the other customer with same needs. The awards and rewards it achieved are the measurements for its sincere contribution to the customers. HSBC won awards in all most all categories that are responsible for the banks success. The list of awards is given below HSBC generated revenue of 87,601 million dollars in the financial year that completed in December 2007. It was 25% high than previous year and the operating profit was 22,709 million dollars which was 6.9% high when compared to previous year. Net profit was 19,133 million dollars with an increase of 21.2% on 2006. The most of the profits it gained were from the developing economies. Source: http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=1907489g=1 With the global experience it has, it can deliver a perfect solution for the complex supply chain network of the customer utilising HSBCs talented resources. Having well versed in utilising sophisticated technology, it follows online dealing with customers rather than going on papers. High level of information exchange can be done with speed and accuracy at the same time cost-effective measures are indulged in their business. Source: http://www.hsbc.co.nz/nz/corp/trade/eservices/supplychain.htm Weaknesses Even though it is a well established brand globally, it realised lately the advantages of performing under one brand name. The action was taken place in the year 1998. Until then it used to perform under various names in various countries. This might had created confusion among its customers who thought that their strong local brand was being taken over by some foreign bank. This misunderstanding caused some considerable loss to the bank. It suffered slight stagnation of revenue in 2006 when compared to the previous year due to increase in bad debts. Source: http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/782667.html Financial analysis Here the financial analysis of HSBC is done by comparing three months and nine months profits with that of the previous year that ended in September 2006 respectively. Finance and other interest income lost by 727 million dollars and 1483 million dollars respectively. On as a whole it got 271 million dollars loss where it was 1,102 million dollars for the same period of three months that ended in September 2006. On the other hand it recorded 1,461 million dollars loss when compared to that of nine months that ended in Sep 2006. Source:http://www.hsbc.com/1/PA_1_1_S5/content/assets/investor_relations/hfc2008form10q_3q.pdf Competitors The main competitors of HSBC are Barclays Citigroup Royal bank of Scotland Barclays Barclay has 1,700 branches in UK alone and around 2,000 branches in Europe, Africa, Asia and the America. The bank also contributes financial products, corporate finance etc. It is one of the largest investing companies operating under the name Barclays Global Investors. In this year it owned North American investment banking and Lehman brothers for approx. one billion pounds. Citigroup It is one of the large financial companies in the world with 3,000 branches in America and Canada and more than 2,000 in several parts of the world. It is the first American bank to own 1 trillion dollars valued assets. Due to the financial downturn it faced in 2007 its CEO Chuck Prince left the job. Royal bank of Scotland It operates under the names of Royal bank of Scotland and NatWest. It has nearly 2,300 UK branches offering financial services. In the America it has Citizens Financial which is one of the USs largest foreign-managed bank. Following the shareholders demand UK government took 60 percent of stakes in the recent days of 2008. Source: http://www.hoovers.com/free/ Conclusion Here in this work the environmental influences on the banking industry are discussed. The main constituents in the banking industry are customer satisfaction, technological advancements, regulations and deregulations and most importantly profits. These four factors act as drivers of change in the banking industry. Out of all without losing the identity the banking industry should be able to adapt changes that occur locally. To discuss more extensively HSBC is considered as an example and the environmental changes on the bank are discussed. Out of all observations the bank is performing very well.

The influential factors behind the growth of globalisation

The influential factors behind the growth of globalisation Current business environment is more volatile and dynamic. There are different reasons behind this transformation in the world. Globalisation is one of the main factors that behind the above change. We can define globalisation as a process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Earlier existed boundaries between countries in the world have been dramatically reduced due to the globalisation. This is seen as more than simply a way of conducting business- it can be considered as a continues process. This is not a new force that emerged few years back, it has been taking place for hundreds of years but it has speeded up enormously over the last half-century. In History, in a similar manner, the techniques of industrial manufacturing lead to create the process of industrialisation, now that process has linked with the globalisation and has created new environment of operating businesses. There are few influential factors behind the growth of globalisation. Increase in communication technology is one of them. TV, telephony and the internet have permitted information and ideas to travel quickly. As an example USA businesses can have a call centre in Philippine or India answering calls from local customers. Another factor is improvements in the transportation sector. It has become more quick and cheap. People can go for holiday all around the world. Workforce can seek for a job opportunity available in another country. Businesses can easily ship their product and raw materials all over the world. Another main influential factor behind the growth is trade liberalisation. This has been excelled due to the Laws restricting for free trade and fo reign investment movements have been relaxed between countries. Some governments even offer grants and tax incentives to attract foreign companies to invest in their country. These actions have lead to create free trade zones in the world. In other words theses are known as trade blocs where groups of nations who form an economic union or customs union. Governments follow friendly rules and regulation within those regions for trading purposes. For example the European Union (EU) aims at not just a customs union but also economic union by way of harmonisation of taxes, establishing a common monetary policy and moves towards a single currency. EU has now expanded over 26 member countries and benefited to combined population of 356 million. Trading blocs generally increase the integration and interdependency of the member economies which is speed up the globalisation process. As a result of trading blocs trade amongst the members has increased, which ultimately increase the world trade capacity. Further it gives the opportunity to businesses better access to effective capital and labour markets which increases the movement of labour within the countries and increase investments. For example Poland workers have been well recognized in the UK and Ireland labour markets. As result of the globalisation process international trade has increased dramatically in the 20th century. Many countries get more chances to participate in the world trade. As a result of increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) many labour oriented countries get access to capital market and vice -versa. Their natural resources value has increased and countries have more capability to use them to manufacture export oriented goods. Increase in international trade brings better standard of living through access to many ways of satisfying their needs and wants. Further it is argued that current development of trading blocs help international trade through making global negotiations easier, in the case of trade negotiations.   For example the EU will negotiate as a single trading block making it easier to push through practises which increase free trade. As per the following graph it is arguable that benefits of international trade have been equally distributed among the world population. Globalisation and increase in international trade is probably helping to create more wealth in developing countries and has affected to the balance of international trade. However globalisation is having a dramatic effect on the organisations for good or ill. Some positive impacts are as follows; Increase greater access to capital market. Inward investment by MNCs helps organisation to start new businesses locally and in foreign countries. This will provide new jobs and skills for local people. Companies can bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources, products and services. Release of government regulation and establishing better infrastructure in the local economy attract foreign investments. China is well known for cheap labour compared to western countries labour cost. This has become a main reason for many organisations moving their businesses to China. Further investment friendly environment through strong financial support (Tax benefits, financial institutes) for new businesses, attract their cheap resources for other countries. Most of the western countries resources are fully utilised and market have become more matures, but there are emerging economies like China, India, Brazil and Russia which consist many untapped cheap resources. Therefore as a result of pressure built up from the Western markets, businesses now moving for those emerging markets. This process has been made easier and more comfortable due to the globalisation. The extra money created by these investments can be spent on education, health and infrastructure of the countries. (Corporate Social Responsibility activities) Achieve economies of scale. Economies of scale means the increase in  efficiency of production  as the number of goods  being produced increases.  Economies of scale lowers the average cost per unit through increased production since fixed costs are shared over an increased number of goods. Initially Adams Smith identified division of labour and specialization are the main factors that lead to economies of scale. However as Globalisation process increases companies get other opportunities to reduce their production cost and achieve economies of scale. Access to lower inputs and specialized inputs in different countries would bring the economies of scale. Costly inputs such as research and development, advertising, managerial expertise and skilled labor now can be outsourced to specialized countries and it will result in increased efficiency and lead to a decrease in the average cost of production and selling. Therefore economies of scale provides  big companies  access to a larger market with lower cost of production and greater margin for their products.    Globalisation increases awareness of events happening in the world. For example, the USA was quickly made aware of the 2011 tsunami in Japan and sent help rapidly in response. Globalisation may help to make people more aware of global issues such as deforestation and global warming and alert them to the need for sustainable development. The sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of people and cultures. People can experience foods and other products not previously available in their countries. Globalisation has resulted in many businesses starting or buying operations in other countries. Companies that operate in several countries are called multinational corporations (MNCs) or transnational corporations (TNCs). Presence in different countries brings interaction with different cultural and social values. On this case business practices that are successful in local country could be act as negatively or positively under different cultural and social values. Therefore it is advisable to find answer to following questions before starting a new venture with another country. What are the main difference between cultures?, Are they matter of learning a new handshake, or do they go deeper than that?, Can cultural differences really have that much impact on the business deal? Etc. Finding solution for those questions is helpful for organisations to handle cultural differences in business expansions. For example language differences, the way they perceive time, traditional and religious believes etc. play a big role in Asian countries. When US and European base organisations move towards the Asian countries the above cultural factors could act as barriers for entry to those markets. In terms of communication US and Europeans are considered as low context cultures, language is direct and explicit, but when it comes to Asian countries they are known as high context cultures where language is indirect. Further as per certain cultural and social practices men dominate in the business sector than the women but in European organisation everyone gets equal opportunity to participate in the operations. Therefore when companies setup new business in a different culture, that company need to customise their corporate culture as per the local cultural values. As an example the US fast food chain McDonalds, large MNC which has nearly 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries, had a problem of sell ing beef burger in India due to the religious believes. Further they launched Mc Rice in Sri Lanka since rice is the main food in the Sri Lankan culture. Likewise multinational companies tend to customise their strategies to overcome certain social and cultural restrictions as well as implement new thing to take advantageous. In current business environment sometimes it is difficult to follow a global strategy for their operation in throughout the world. Therefore most companies tailor their management strategy and organisational structures to respond to the local factors. In other words local responsiveness is essential when a psychic distance is higher in two different countries. As a result of this new relationships will occur in managing businesses globally. Joint venture agreements, alliances etc. are common relationships that business partners follow to reduce their risk exposure in the current business environment. Designing of organisational structure and management style is important capture the opportunities available in the market. Some companies follow decentralised structure to increase the speed of decision making in the particular market. Some other companies follow a selective approach by some functions are retain in with the parent country and others establish in different markets. As exa mple GAP Inc.s designing function is conducted in centrally and manufacturing function has been outsourced to Asian countries. This mechanism has benefitted them through utilising Asian countries specialised capabilities of manufacturing to convert their design into practical product. Therefore globalisation process brings new organisational designs and management styles to the market. Local markets work force have now increased and well interact with the MNCs. Earlier they were only involved for lower level operations but now management representation also has increased. This is a good advantage for MNCs to take advantage of innovative skills of the local employees since they have more experience in the particular market. Microsoft has given more concentration on Indian market since that workforce well recognised for IT skills. From employees perspective also this will be a good opportunity for them to utilise their skills effectively. Recognition, income level, career opportunities, opportunity to obtain foreign exposures etc. will be increased through working in multinational company. Their innovative concept could bring to the world market through the help of MNCs. So far this report addressed only the good side of the Globalisation and not that mean it doesnt have a dark side. Following are few negative impacts of globalisation Globalisation operates mostly in the interests of the developed countries, which continue to dominate world trade at the expense of developing countries. The role of developing countries market has become to provide the North and West with cheap labour and raw materials at lower cost. There are no guarantees that the proper benefits from inward investment will benefit the local community in developing countries. Often, profits are sent back to the MNCs parent countries. This has become easier for them due the tax relief offered by the local governments. Further these MNCs with their massive economies of scale, possibility to drive local companies out of business. After that If these MNCs realised that it becomes cheaper to operate in another country than the current one then they move for better opportunity by closing down the factory and make local people redundant. This would be a major hit for the local economy. Increase environmental population due to the high industrialisation. Globalisation is viewed by many as it affects to the worlds cultural diversity and it feared that it may westernise the local traditions and languages. After considering the above negative sides of the globalisation we can state that it is not helping to close the gap between the worlds poorest countries and the worlds richest. In the case of trading blocs, it is argued they create conflicting parties fighting for regional interests not for every ones benefits. As per the World Trade Organisations statistics, the worlds poorest countries share of world trade has declined by more than 40 per cent since 1980 to a mere 0.4 per cent and the poorest 49 countries make up 10% of the worlds population, but account for only 0.4% of world trade. (Online, www.gatt.org) This clearly shows benifits of globalisation has not been distributed equally. Further its doubt that MNCs pay fair amount for the developing countries resources. As a result of these negative reasons poor peoples living standards remain same and the gap between poor countries and rich countries wont reduce. Conclusion Globalisation has a major impact on the business environment as well as the people general life pattern. Within the current knowledge economy, knowledge workers have more opportunities due to the globalisation. Their career is not static as compared to the traditional workers. They always seek better opportunities in the market and as a result of globalisation their career path has extended even for different countries. However, as a MNC, they have more responsibilities and accountability for their actions in the different markets. As a good corporate citizen they must give their focus on improving local social and educational life the local people also. Further they must ensure fair consideration for the resources utilised the developing countries. These will ultimately useful to break the bridge between rich and poor countries.

Institutionalization Essay -- Business, Multinational Companies

The fast paced, ever changing, and volatile business climate of today affects the ability of multinational companies such as Hewlett-Packard to sustain a competitive advantage. In 2002 the company conducted a controversial acquisition of Compaq which led to lay-offs, infighting, and impacted their ability to implement structural changes. Hewlett-Packard is a widely respected company known for executing continuous improvement throughout all levels of the company. However, the challenge all companies face is the ability to implement and sustain intervention programs over a period of time to the degree that the changes become part of the organization’s functions. Thus, the strategies and framework Hewlett-Packard used to institutionalize intervention programs throughout its history will be examined. Institutionalization Process Institutionalization is embedding change processes brought on by effective interventions to an organization’s functioning for a prescribed period of time. Moreover the process of institutionalization consists of socialization, commitment, reward allocation, diffusion, and sensing and calibration. They are the by-products of two dimensions: organization characteristics (such as congruence and unionization) and intervention characteristics (goal specificity and programmability). When Hewlett-Packard (HP) acquired Compaq in 2002, the combination of these two dimensions produced the institutionalization processes. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), there are five factors of the institutionalization process (socialization, commitment, reward allocation, diffusion, and sensing and calibration) that determine long-term implementation of interventions. In other words, the degree to which these fa... ...ist organizations must maintain constant vigilance over environmental forces such as the economy and internal forces such as employee actions and behaviors that undermine the change process (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Conclusion Change strategies are part of every organization’s design. In order for an organization to have success with implementing persistent change all or the majority of institutionalization factors outlined must be present. The most compelling aspect of Hewlett-Packard’s interventions was emphasis on targeting the level of change at both the organization and department level. Finally, the aggressive structural changes Hewlett-Packard initiated during the course of its existence reflects the strategic planning and risk associated with sustaining a competitive advantage in the highly volatile information technology industry.

Kohlbergs Moral Development Essay -- Psychology Psychological Lawrenc

Kohlberg’s Moral Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lawrence Kohlberg was born in Bronxville, New York on October 25, 1927. He was born into a wealthy family and enjoyed all of the luxuries that the rich lifestyle had to offer including the finest college prep schools. However, Kohlberg was not too concerned with this lifestyle. Instead he became a sailor with the merchant marines. During World War II, Kohlberg played an instrumental role in smuggling Jews through a British blockade in Palestine. It was during these times that Kohlberg first began thinking about moral reasoning, a subject that would later make him famous. After this Kohlberg enrolled at the University of Chicago where he scored so high on admission test that he only had to take a limited number of courses to earn his bachelor’s degree. This he did in one year. Kohlberg remained at the University Chicago as a graduate student. In 1958, Kohlberg completed his Ph.D. which dealt with moral decision making and was based primarily on the earlier w ork of Jean Piaget. The result was his doctoral dissertation, the first rendition of his new stage theory. Later he served as an assistant professor at Yale University from 1959 to 1961, began teaching at the University of Chicago in 1963. He remained at Chicago until his 1967 appointment to the faculty of Harvard University, where he served as professor of education and social psychology until his death in 1987.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of our inner standards take the form of judgments as to what is right and what is wrong. They constitute the moral and ethical principles by which we guide our conduct. Lawrence Kohlberg refined, extended, and revised Piaget’s basic theory of the development of moral values. Like Piaget, Kohlberg focused on the moral judgements in children rather than their actions. The manner in which moral judgments develop has been studied extensively by Kohlberg, through the questioning of boys seven years old and up. Kohlberg presented his subjects with a number of hypothetical situations involving moral question like the following. If a man’s wife is dying for lack of an expensive drug that he cannot afford, should he steal the drug? If a patient who is fatally ill and in great pain begs for a mercy killing, should the physician agree? By analyzing the answers and particularly the reasoning by which his subjects reached their answers. Kohlberg determined t h... ...g means that the stages are not just isolated responses but general patterns of thought that will consistently show up across many different kinds of issues. The third concept is Invariant Sequence. Kohlberg believed that his stages unfolded in an invariant sequence. Children go form stage 1 to stage 2 and so on with out skipping a stage. Concept four is Hierarchic Integration. When Kohlberg said that his stages were hierarchically integrated, he meant that people do not lose the insights gained at earlier stages but integrate them into new, broader framework.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other studies confirm that moral development is sequential, moving from external to internal control. In other words, while young children behave in order to avoid punishment or receive approval from others, adults develop internal codes and regulate their own behavior even in the absence of external enforcement. However, criminologists have not found truly strong indications of the effect of moral development on criminal activity. Sociologists who compared the patterns of moral development between delinquents and no delinquents found some differences between the groups, but these differences were not conclusive.

Aggression as a Negative

Aggression is viewed by many as a negative response in sport, but theories of why aggression occurs contradict each other. Evaluate critically theories of aggression that seek to explain why negative responses often occur in sporting situations Use practical examples for the theories you evaluate. Aggression is any behaviour outside the rules of the game that aims to harm an individual that is motivated to avoid such harm. Some skills appear aggressive for example, a slide tackle in football, however they are perfectly legal in the games rules so it is not seen as aggressive behaviour.Possible negative responses relating to aggression are caused by; actual/perceived unfairness, frustration at performance, displaced aggression from other sources, pressure to win, retaliation, copying others, nature of the game, reaction to a hostile crowd, being on the losing team and previous ill-feeling (derby game). There are 4 theories of aggression; Instinct Theory, Social Learning Theory, Frustr ation Aggression Hypothesis and Aggression Cue Hypothesis.Instinct Theory (Freud) suggests that behaviour is predictable, genetically inherited and it is the Trait view of behaviour. According to this theory, we can tell which players and when they will perform aggressive acts. This says that everyone has aggression within them, it is just a continual build-up of energy that needs to be released through catharsis, for example, small lashes out at an opposition to release pressure (Lorenz). However this theory completely disregards an environmental stimulus that we know exists.Social Learning Theory (Bandura) suggests that behaviour is learned from our environment, for example we observe behaviours through a role model, we perform the behaviour (copy) then this mode of behaviour becomes accepted through reinforcement. For example, young footballer copies Wayne Rooney and kicks out at an opposition player, then gets praise from team-mates, this behaviour is reinforced, then the young player will do it more to create this sort of response again.This theory does the opposite of Instinct Theory and accepts the environmental stimuli however disregards the genetic influence, that we also know exists. These next two are Interactionist Theories that aim to combine environmental and genetic influences. Frustration Aggression Hypothesis suggests that frustration occurs when our goal-directed behaviour is blocked, and there is more frustration if the behaviour is outcome orientated. This hypothesis suggests that environmental build ups create a biological reaction as a cathartic release, if this release fails then we become more aggressive.For example, Jordan Mutch of Cardiff blocked Wayne Rooney from getting past so Wayne Rooney (goal blocked), Wayne Rooney got frustrated, Kicked out at Mutch and received a yellow card as punishment, this cathartic release failed. Aggression Cue Hypothesis suggests that frustration is equal to arousal; it creates a readiness for aggressi on. This aggression will only occur upon environmental cue. For example in football, being on the receiving end of a bad tackle provides the environmental cue which will increase arousal. If there is the presence of aggression, chances of aggression are increased dramatically.

Erp as Software as a Service (Saas) for Smes

ERP as Software as a Service *(*SaaS*)* for SMEs Table of Contents Page Abstract The main barriers for implementing ERP systems in SMEs were constraints in terms of resources and information, implementation time escalations, poorly defined organisational structures, weak formalisation of procedures or processes, unclear and also confused understanding amongst the employees and management. There are various methods to overcome the barriers of implementing ERP solutions in SMEs. This include coming up with a realistic value-adding processes required to be incorporated in the proposed ERP system, providing effective education on ERP systems, making sure as a vendors, they do not just provide lip service and to involve everyone in the whole system’s lifecycle. Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is an online delivery of softwares (Dubey & Wagle 2007). The model is uncomplicated and appealing wherein companies signs up to the use the solution which is hosted by the vendors that sells and/or develops the software rather than spending large sums on an application such as ERP and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and installing this software on individual machines (Dubey & Wagle 2007; Banham 2008). All of the major software vendors are now offering its solution on SaaS model basis – SAP, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle and Salesforce. com are all staking their claims. Introduction SME Definition â€Å"companies with less than 250 employees, total assets under 27 million Euros,_ independent privately held_ and _ _owner-managers or their families manage the company personally (Loecher 2000; Sogorb 2002)†. _ Why ERP vendors are focusing on SME’s Barriers to implementation of ERP systems in SME’s It was found that the main barriers for implementing ERP systems in SMEs were: constraints in terms of resources and inf ormation, implementation time escalations, poorly defined organisational framework, informal and also non-orderly procedures or processes, unclear and also confused understanding amongst the employees and management. Each of these factors is now discussed in turn. _Figure 1: ERP implementation issues (source: Bernroider & Leseure 2005)_ How ERP vendors can overcome these barriers SaaS Technology Some other advantages of working with SaaS models include: low introduction and subscription costs and faster initiating speed (Kaplan 2005; Torbacki 2008), elimination of license and upgrade costs (Torbacki 2008), predictability of costs (Torbacki 2008), ow TCO costs (Total Cost of Ownership) due to lack of necessity of major investments in servers, databases and maintenance (Torbacki 2008), generating a greater ROI than traditional software packages (Kaplan 2005) no requirement of installing any software on a workstation (Torbacki 2008), online access from any location with an Internet connection (Torbacki 2008), continuous opportunity to the newest software versions and business technologies (Torbacki 2008), customers no longer require the large support staff for applications (Bontis & Chung 2000; Kapl an 2005) {draw:frame} Figure 2: Types of SaaS used or considering of using (source: Kaplan 2009)_ An example of one vendor’s SaaS offering Nationwide Express Farwest Steel Corporation SaaS alternatives have become more pervasive and observed fast development, and their cost-effectiveness, operational reliability become more obvious and there are a growing number of enterprises of all sizes that are generating performance improvements and measurable cost savings as a result of adopting SaaS. For SaaS vendors, they must focus on make possible easier deployments to avoid the need for pricey consultation support. Also they should truly deliver lower total cost of ownership (TCO) and offer more robust strategies for integration that acknowledges the current volatile environments and also in the near future. Finally, the SaaS solutions offered must be simpler, more agile, more robust, and more intuitive and worthy of all the investments allocated. References Banham, R 2008, ‘Up and Away – Companies are feeling a little less trapped by spreadsheets these days’, CFO Magazine, viewed 19 October 2009, Bernroider, E. W. N & Leseure, M. J 2005, ‘Enterprise resource planning (ERP) diffusion and characteristics according to the system’s lifecycle: A comparative view of small-to-medium sized and large enterprises’, Working Papers on Information Processing and Information Management, Institute of Information Processing and Information Management, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. http://epub. wu. ac. at/dyn/virlib/wp/eng/mediate/epub-wu-01_84b. pdf? ID=epub-wu-01_84b Bontis, N & Chung, H 2000, ‘The evolution of software pricing: from box licenses to application service provider models’, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 246-255. Christodoulou, M 2009, ‘How big is an SME? Confusion over size could complicate international rules’, Accountancy Age, pp. 7 http://www. accountancyage. com/accountancyage/analysis/2246584/big-sme-confusion-size Deep, A, Guttridge, P, Dani, S & Burns, N 2007, ‘Investigating factors affecting ERP selection in made-to-order SME sector’, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 430-446. Dubey, A, Wagle D 2007, ‘Delivering Software as a Service’, The McKinsey Quarterly. http://www. mckinsey. de/downloads/publikation/mck_on_bt/2007/mobt_12_Delivering_Software_as_a_Service. pdf European Commission 2009, ‘SME Definition’, viewed 17 October 2009, Gartner 2009, Gartner Sur vey Shows Many Users are underwhelmed by Their Experiences of SaaS, viewed 17 October 2009, Harindranath, G, Dyerson, R & Barnes, D 2008, ‘ICT Adoption and Use in UK SMEs: a Failure of Initiatives? , _The _Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 91 – 96. IBM 2009a, Software as a Service, viewed 17 October 2009, IBM 2009b, ‘Managed server services’, viewed 17 October 2009, IBM 2009c, Software as a Service from IBM and Innovative Computing Corp. delivers speedy customer service for Nationwide Express, IBM Software as a Service, viewed 18 October 2009, Jacobson, S, Shepherd, J, D’Aquila, M & Carter, K 2007, ‘The ERP Market Sizing Report, 2006–2011’, AMR

Technology and Crime

Criminal Law Research Paper Whenever a new technology is found, like a double-edged sword, it often brings both more convenient life and possibility of danger in which potential exploitation of gap that might occur in its initial developing stage. For the past 20 years, computer related technologies and industry have been continuously advancing at radical speeds that greatly changed our way of life. The introduction of internet and digitalization of data has saved us enormous time and work required otherwise would have been wasted. On the other hand, however, it aided whole new types of property offences that are distinct from traditional ones to arise which posses’ difficulties in dealing with them by traditional way of approaching property offences. The main difficulties are, first, ‘Offences that were traditionally committed as interpersonal offences can now be committed at extreme distances and without the personal involvement of any victim. Second, the object of such offences may not amount to larcenable property or, indeed, property at all. [1] Examples of these crimes include, electronic funds transfer crime, electronic money laundering, [2]counterfeiting, and software piracy. [3] Contrary to traditional property offences, computers coupled with telecommunications technology enables offenders not to leave any traces of usual biological evidence in interpersonal offences such as finger prints or hair that could lead to the offender through forensic tests. Even if the police traced back the co mputer that the fund transfer crime was originated, the actual offender would be uncertain if it’s located in internet cafe which is used by numerous customers. This anonymity is considered the major attraction for offenders with advanced computer skills to commit such crimes. This paper will discuss the effectiveness of the current law in protecting the people from the new treats and possible policies or methods that could be implemented by authorities to combat this matter. ::The Current Doctrine and issues:: It is obvious to find that property rights have been the most important feature in our society since the beginning of the civilisation as the oldest written law, the Code of Hammurabi[4] which dates back to 1750 BC, contains codes that protected individual property. Protection of ownership encourages people to work at their full potential in return for increase in their wealth and power that gives satisfaction and security. If such protection was absent, stealing and damaging personal possessions to satisfy the needs and wants would have been occasional and we might not have been able to achieve the standard of living and the social security we enjoy now. Under the current common law system, properties are protected by both case law and statutes. Obviously regarding the history of development, there are countless case laws relating to property matter. Statutes are also implemented in order to provide protection of the rights for aiding the courts if the kind of the offence is the new one and there are no relevant authorities available for judges to rely on. Those protections have been building onto one and another from strong foundations and nowadays physical property protection by the law seems quite drastic. However the dawn of the digital age introduced a whole new range of offences that cannot be categorised by traditional methods. ::Absence of Specific victim or damage:: What would be the damage to the bank if their internet banking facility has been used for electronic money laundering? There is no person harmed or any physical property damage done to the bank. When a personal computer which happens to belong to a CEO is hacked and confidential information about a report that is not intended for releasing to the public that predicts a shape rise in share prices caused by exceptional performance is retrieved by the hacker and he/she and his/her friends make millions of dollars based on that information, is it possible to measure the damage? Or does it even exist? As exampled, some new types of illegal acts do not create specific victim or damage or the both. In order to regulate these treats, the definition of property has been extended to ones that take forms of electronic data and even to intellectual ones. By recognising such properties it is now possible to identify the damage incurred and the victim which enables us to enforce the traditional doctrine of property offences approach. To reward the victims for the damages they suffered under the civil law and to prosecute the offender and enforce penalties under the criminal law. :Types of new offences:: Hacking and intrusion into a computer system is the most common form of computer based crime, hackers usually commit this offence in order to gain confidential information or to inspect the level of security measures in place for preparation of other offence[5]. Rarely, some hackers attempt to break into a system that’s guarded by strong security system and dam age the system itself just to demonstrate the ability of him or her self. This kind of act is also known as electronic vandalism[6]. The next most common offence is the intellectual property offences such as breaching copy rights by making illegal duplicate of intellectual property, for example, books, movies, music and games. This type of offence is becoming more and more ordinary as the fast broadband internet access’s being available to most of the households enabling such illegally copied materials to be circulated and distributed at fast rate even crossing borders without any obstruction. Electronic funds transfer crime and electronic money laundering are also major crimes that are becoming increasingly difficult to regulate with traditional counter measures. :Traditional Countermeasures:: Most common methods often chosen by the government is to take legislative and administrative action to deal with the problem before it gets out of hand. Russell emphasises in his journal ‘This method to criminalise has, however, a number of dangers. First, is the difficulty, noted by Dunning (1982, pp. 293-4), of over-codifying behaviour: one does not want to enact a new provision every time a new permutation of criminal behaviour arises. Ideally, the elasticity of a common law system will supply the omissions of the legislature but there are limits to which our judiciary will, and indeed can, go. ’[7], that there are limits in legislative and administrative approach that the society can take as legitimate. There is also the fundamental problem of difficulty when trying to battle the new offences with the traditional approach in quantifying the offences[8] since the nature and characteristics of the offences often leave no trace at all and also authorities might not disclose the information because of embarrassment or commercial inconvenience. Deceptive quantifying which makes the policy makers to take distorted view of the seriousness of the issue is also the problem. For example, ‘a pursuit of a US$0. 75 accounting error in a computer account led to the unravelling of an international espionage ring. ’[9] Event like this confuses the decision makers in deciding the level or degree of regulation should be imposed. Originality of the crime also creates great challenge to the authorities, globalization of networks and widespread of the internet permits offenders to stay in their own country and commit crime in the systems of foreign country. This poses exorbitant difficulties in determining the place of the occurrence of the crime in order to decide which prosecution authority should be handing the matter and where to collect and present evidence to. ::Possible Alternative methods of Prevention:: There are several proposed ways for the government to deal with the problem. Restricting the availability of new technologies themselves, or restricting certain people from possessing and using new technologies and so on†¦ Probably the most fundamental solution of all, considering the possibility of misuse of the technology, the researchers and developers in the initial stage of the process should apply crime prevention measures that prevents misuse of such vulnerable technologies and if the cost is too high to carry out the modification the government should always consider to subsidise the process because the cost of exploitation of the weakness of the technology might be even greater. But there is also possibility that those precautions implemented could be compromised and the additional development costs vaporised. The break of the DVD movie title encryption and area code protection by hackers and crackers which introduced Dvix is the good example of it. The next best cost effective way is commercial solution[10]. Various needs to protect one’s electronic assets from possible attackers would generate considerable market demand for electronic and informational security. Companies with expertise of those matters would grow and it would provide professional advices, helps and protection with reasonable fee that would be far more less than it would cost for individual demanders to develop such systems. Also from the demand for assuring the compensation for the damages caused electronically, new insurance policies would emerge and protect the losses incurred. When dealing with technologies that are developed for military or investigative use, it is best for the government to take action that prevents possession and use of those technologies by possible offenders. Such as code breaker program designed for military operations should be restricted for the use of the purposes intended only, to achieve that, it is best to isolate the program in selected systems that are not connected to the internet. However if the technology developed found to be viable for use by the public to improve their standard of life, it should be considered that more benefit would be realised by making it public depending on specific technology. A super fast speed satellite communication intended for space crafts would be viable to use for the faster internet connection than conventional technology. But it might also make it possible for hackers to get into the satellite’s control system and disable it causing extravagant disaster thus making the technologies availability restrictive is important. Those alternatives and traditional methods may stop offenders from commission of crime but it may also encourage imitating one as well. A news report that the government is banning all child pornography sites may attract people’s attention and they might try search that kind of sites since the anonymity of access which increases the demand for viewing such material that results growth of pornography sites. :Conclusion:: Implementing the traditional approaches to deal with new emerging types of crime involving new technologies does seem to work when the new type of crime shows some fundamental similarities with already existing crimes such as causing harm whether electronic or physical or financial. Since such offences are opposed by the society and could easily be crimina lised by legislation or administrative means without difficulty. Nevertheless, quantifying and implementing the right policy or legislation is too difficult because of exterritorial issues and lack of statistics. However, as the technologies used for commission of crime advances, so does the technologies used to investigate, exam, and share information with the public and the rest of the world which aids authorities in combating using traditional approaches. Mechanisms for surveillance and detection, blocking devices, and technologies of restraint and incapacitation could also be adopted to backup the weak points of the traditional approach. Yet, while implementing those mechanisms the authority should consider possibilities of infringe of privacy right. The use of â€Å"high-tech† means of restraint might well lead to fundamental changes in police practice. Easily available technological fixes may tempt reliance to the extent that traditional law enforcement skills become neglected due to their inconvenience and community relations will be overlooked and discarded. There would also be other social impacts of crime prevention technologies. It may include disproportionate use of restraint technologies against disadvantaged groups, such as people who are unable to afford security technologies. And a shift in the burden of crime to those prospective victims may occur. Nonetheless, it would look like a miscalculation if we are to back off from developing and researching new technologies for crime prevention and control simply because they may be used inappropriately. â€Å"The telephones, indeed, the wheel, have criminal applications, technologies in the hands of responsible, accountable professionals can enhance liberty, rather than threaten it,† Dr Grabosky said. Technology and Crime Control insists on that the direction of ultimate benefits of new crime prevention technologies to the public, their development and use should be based on thorough consultation and extensive testing, and those who use them should be appropriately trained and supervised. The authors of the journals conclude that there is not one fit-to-all overall solution to these new kinds of emerging crime due to the varied nature of computer-related criminal conducts. They suggest, however, that technological and market solutions will be just as, if not more, important as law enforcement. With the invisible hands of the market the authorities should be able to find the optimal way of combating the new crimes sided by new technology. Bibliography 1. Brown et al, Criminal Laws, The Federation Press 2. P Grabosky & R Smith, Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities, the Federation Press (1998) 3. Russell Smith, Criminal Exploitation of New Technologies AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No93 (July 1998) 4. New millennium Doosan English Encyclopaedia No11 Doosan cooperation (2000) 5. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Recorded Crime, Australia 1996, ABS Catalogue No. 4510. 0, AGPS, Canberra (1998), Yearbook Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301. 0, AGPS, Canberra. 6. P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) 7. Russell G. Smith, Stealing Telecommunications Services AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 54 (April 1996) 8. Peter Grabosky, Technology & Crime Control, AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 78 (January 1998) ———————– 1] Brown et al, Criminal Laws, The Federation Press pg 1058 [2] P Grabosky & R Smith, Crime in the Digital Age: Controlling Telecommunications and Cyberspace Illegalities (1998) The Federation Press chapter 1 [3] Russell Smith, Criminal Exploitation of New Technologies AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No93 (July 1998) pg 3 [4] Fo und in 1901 by French explorers in the Old Persian Capital of Shush (Susa), contains 282 codes consisting of criminal commercial, individual property laws – New millennium Doosan English Encyclopaedia No11 Doosan cooperation (2000) pg. 54 [5] Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Recorded Crime, Australia 1996, ABS Catalogue No. 4510. 0, AGPS, Canberra (1998), Yearbook Australia, ABS Catalogue No. 1301. 0, AGPS, Canberra. [6] P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) pg 2 to 3 [7] Russell G. Smith, Stealing Telecommunications Services AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 54 (April 1996) pg 3 [8] [9] P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) pg 3 [10] P. N. Grabosky, Russell G. Smith, Paul Wright, Crime and Telecommunications AIC Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 59 (August 1996) pg 5